I reviewed this book through a series of Twitter status updates using the hashtag #coblackness.
Publishers's description: Lynch mobs, chain gangs, and popular views of black southern criminals that defined the Jim Crow South are well known. We know less about the role of the urban North in shaping views of race and crime in American society.
Use Worldcat.org to find the book in a library near you.
I've quoted extensively from the last 200 pages of the book. For some reason, I did not quote much from the first 100 pages. Looking back, I guess I assumed that the scientific racism of northern whites and the Victorian-moralizing of reformist blacks covered in those pages seemed so dated that it would have little relevance to explaining contemporary conditions. Yet a major theme in the book is the continuity of white practices towards blacks with the variance in whites' justifications for those practices. Thankfully, black Americans, in general, discarded accommodationist, reformist rhetoric, even when combined with critical observations of the harmful effects of white supremacy on blacks, for activist demands for equality regardless of "Negro criminality" and rejection of racial explanations for inequality.
Coincidentally, an Augusta, GA columnist wrote Today’s Chicago More Dangerous for Blacks Than the “Lynching South,” which, to me, continues the white American tradition of using black crime as an excuse to do nothing about racial inequality in the United States. So I wish all those who respond with "black on black crime" to every demand for justice in the wake of extrajudicial killings of blacks, whether by police or white vigilantes, would read this book.
#coblackness Portrayals of intelligent black criminals r step in ending racism #NewJackCity #AmericanGangster pic.twitter.com/M6KEltutHY— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 5, 2015
Neil Drumming wrote an article in 2012 about the recent positive trend to portray sophisticated black criminals.
Frances Kellor was the first white female social scientist to publish a major study of black criminality.
A major litmus test for credibility among [Progressive Era] liberal experts on the Negro Problem was the degree to which one conceded blacks' shortcomings. (commenting on John Daniels's "In Freedom's Birthplace: A Study of Boston Negroes. [p 138]
Black criminality shielded white Americans from the charge of racism & limited their responsibility to help black people. [p 139]
Among the Progressive Era liberals who entrenched racist discourse regarding blacks were Frances Kellor, Frederick Alexander Bushee, Carl Kelsey and Franz Boas. Progressive Era settlement workers Mary White Ovington, Jane Addams and John Daniels strengthened ideas of black cultural inferiority.
#coblackness p141 Du Bois in essay which testified to black northerner survival despite northern whites' contempt pic.twitter.com/wBfm6rCSZm— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 9, 2015
From NAACP magazine "Crisis," June 1913 #coblackness p 143 #crime #racism pic.twitter.com/I3g9cike8a— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 9, 2015
#coblackness p143 in Progressive Era, on white side of color line, solutions 2 problems rooted in compassion #history pic.twitter.com/Waj7FLDhIv— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 9, 2015
James Samuel Stemons, a black activist from Philadelphia, contrasted demand of blacks to save themselves while "greatest concern" expressed for poor whites. p. 168
Progressive Era racial liberals advocated "self-segregation as the key to moral regeneration" to build cultural "capacity." p 144
#coblackness p152 university Settlement House @Penn in #Philadelphia announced no uplift debauched slum dwellers pic.twitter.com/Gk3RL6EQ6C— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 10, 2015
Philadelphia Blacks began demanding better municipal services as solution to "Negro Crime Problem."
Appeals to whites for racial reform depended on black leaders' willingness to traffic in rhetorical currency of black inferiority. p 189
Black crime fighters didn't receive help from police, major city institutions and influential politicians to the extent white crime fighters did. Despite Stemons's efforts to open economic opportunity for blacks in Philadelphia, the only immediate accomplishment was a white-only "Vice Commission." Philadelphia Mayor Rudolph Blankenburg could gain political capital and success by using limited resources to clean up white areas. pp 189-90
#coblackness p171 Racism in guise of anti-crime & vice led many to support industrial education #Hampton #Tuskegee pic.twitter.com/Xh6kKglk6R— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 10, 2015
#coblackness p180 Black writers & reformers used racial uplift discourse, but they wanted political & economic rights pic.twitter.com/lN0raJMN8x— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 10, 2015
#coblackness leadership of Armstrong Association of #Philadelphia opposed rights 4 blacks, accepted white supremacy pic.twitter.com/G8kqqbb9YY— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 10, 2015
#coblackness city officials in #Chicago #Philadelphia #NYC pushed vice from white areas, tolerated in black areas pic.twitter.com/rxgDhDgdAk— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 16, 2015
#coblackness #police: blacks [in Cleveland] could w/o contradiction say that they received both too little & too much pic.twitter.com/eYJB8uJOJ6— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
#coblackness liberals focused on #police racism & black cultural inferiority rather than radical critique of #USA pic.twitter.com/xNA5epC04K— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
#coblackness p245 Racial Darwinism still influential in #USA of 1920s among #police pic.twitter.com/2eG2uo54AL— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
#coblackness #Chicago researchers in 1920s rejected race-based crime statistics as unreliable https://t.co/UFzc8MUsuF pic.twitter.com/H9hWbhmuqN— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
#coblackness #Chicago criminal justice officials likely 2 arrest Negros > freely than whites &> charges & sentences pic.twitter.com/RL76CnddPg— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
#coblackness growing body of evidence of racial discrimination in treatment of black juvenile delinquents #police pic.twitter.com/Rpcg7dOE3u— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
Mr. Big from 1988 satirical film I'm Gonna Git You, Sucka not too far from historical reality.
#coblackness Behind borders of segregated black communities, many officials were patrons & protectors of vice #USA pic.twitter.com/Cc5H3j4Ivc— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
... the Great Migration changed the degree to which middle-class blacks would step up their commitment to crime fighting in the 1920s and 1930s, and more firmly ground the national debate over black criminality in terms of structural inequality and racial discrimination. The criminalization of the race because of white reformers' unwillingness to apply crime-prevention strategies in black communities, the intensification of racial violence among white citizens and police officers, and the more militant attitude of middle-class blacks toward achieving economic and social justice all converged during the next two decades to place black criminality near the forefront of an emerging civil rights agenda. pp. 224-5
#coblackness #Philadelphia housing discrimination & #police indifference & participation led to 1918 riots #history pic.twitter.com/0SfxBKEqzW— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
#coblackness contempt black northerners toward southern migrants legitimized continued white prejudice against all pic.twitter.com/GyOGIUyMQm— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
This echoes in today's #CVE rhetoric which calls for "moderate" Muslims to police "extremists."
When #Philadelphia blacks armed themselves 4 self-defense, politicians & police used that to further criminalize them. p 204
#coblackness 1910s #Philadelphia Keystone Reform Party administration discriminated against blacks #USA #History pic.twitter.com/FSvFTCQnUb— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
Progressive Era accomodationism and black inferiority gave way to 1930s militancy, anti-racism and civil rights activism. Despite sociologists' demonstration of unreliability of black crime statistics, police agencies continued using them. By 1940, the category "foreign-born" merged completely with "whites" in crime reporting. USA Progressive Era was progressive in its treatment of European immigrants, not blacks. Racial liberal and Nobel prize winner Gunnar Myrdal nevertheless blamed northern blacks for their own problems in 1944 book. pp 268-76#coblackness many profited--politically, professionally, financially fm perpetuating vice in black communities pic.twitter.com/1VgP82etpZ— Ayman Hossam Fadel (@aymanfadel) July 19, 2015
Yes, blacks have been catching hell in North America for a long time. Tell it to your relatives at your next family gathering when they start talking nonsense.
Finally, for Muslims in the United States and other European-dominated nations, there are lessons for evaluating "counter-terrorism" and "countering violent extremism" programs. The dominant society neglects inequality because "terrorism" is the only metric for Muslim life in the nation, just like "crime" became the only metric or lens through which to view African-American life in the USA. Arun Kundnani's book The Muslims are Coming! does an excellent job of critiquing this dynamic. Of course, the impact on non-black Muslims living in these 21st century nations has not approached that of the impacts Khalil Muhammad describes.
Additional Resources
We enjoyed having him on! RT @Harvard_Press: Khalil Gibran Muhammad talked to @hereandnow about the "violence card" - http://t.co/iXhA8Bma— Here & Now (@hereandnow) April 18, 2012
Interview on WBAI "Talkback!"
Updated August 4, 2015. I completed my first Richard Wright reading today. I found the afterword Arnold Rampersad wrote to Wright's "Rite of Passage" germane to this topic. (click image to enlarge)
